ピンインの声調

Pinyin is the romanization of Standard Mandarin. It is not English spelling, and it is not optional decoration: it tells you exactly how a character sounds. A pinyin syllable has three parts — an initial, a final and a tone.

The initial is the opening consonant, such as b in bā. The final is the vowel part, such as a. The tone is the pitch movement. Change the tone and you change the word.

The four tones

The same syllable ma can mean four different things depending on its tone. Listen to each example and notice that the pitch is part of the word, not an emotion added on top.

The first tone is high and flat. The second rises. The third dips down and then rises. The fourth falls sharply. There is also a neutral tone: a short, light syllable with no tone mark, common in particles and second syllables.

Where the tone mark goes

Tone marks sit above a vowel. The order of priority is simple:

1. If there is an a, mark the a: mā, hǎo.
2. Otherwise, if there is an e, mark the e: měi, hěn.
3. Otherwise, if the final is ou, mark the o: dōu.
4. Otherwise, mark the last vowel: liù, guī, nǚ.

Tone sandhi: why the written tone is not always the spoken one

In real speech, tones sometimes change next to each other. The most common case is two third tones in a row: the first often becomes a second tone. 你好 is written nǐ hǎo, but usually sounds like ní hǎo. The dictionary entry keeps the underlying tone so you can still see how the word is built.

不 (bù) changes to bú before a fourth tone, and 一 (yī) also changes in some contexts. Learn these as small patterns in words, not as exceptions to memorize in isolation.

How to practise without guessing

• Learn a tone with a real character, not with a bare mark. Singing “mā má mǎ mà” is useful, but the character anchors the sound to meaning.
• Listen to a word, then repeat it before looking at the pinyin. Check your answer afterwards.
• Record yourself on your phone and compare the pitch contour, not just the consonants.
• Use the pinyin chart to hear example characters for each syllable and tone.

A tone is not an accent on a word. It is part of the word. Learn the character, the sound and the tone together.

Try the characters above: 妈, 麻, 马 and 骂. Each page has audio and a stroke animation, so you can connect sound, meaning and writing in one place.